1.
Verb Phrase
A verb phrase consists of a main verb alone, or a main
verb plus any modal and/or auxiliary verbs. The main verb always comes last in
the verb phrase.
Formula: Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb
The verb phrase in English has the following
forms:
1. Main
Verb
2. An
auxiliary verb “be” and main verb in –ing verb
3. An
Auxiliary
verb ("have") and a Main
verb with past participle
4. An
auxiliary verb ("have" + "been") and a main verb in the –ing form
5. A Modal verb
(can, could, may, might, must, shall, and etc) and a Main verb
2.
Tenses
1.
Simple Present Tense
Simple
present tense used to describe habits, unchanging situations, general
truths, and fixed arrangements. We use the simple present tense when an action
is happening right now.
Formula : (+) S + Verb + O
(-) Do/Does + Not + Verb
(?) Do/Does + S + Verb ?
|
Subject
I, You, They, We : Do
He, She, It : Does
|
Example
: (+) I work in Japan.
(-) I don’t work in Japan
(?) Do I work in Japan?
2. Present Continuous Tense
The present continuous tense is often called the present
progressive tense is the tense that describes the work that is happening today.
Is said to be present because of current and said continuous because the work
being done. Tense is one of the most commonly used tenses either in
conversation or in writing or text.
Formula : (+) S + To Be (Am, Is, Are) + Verb - ing + O
(-) S + To Be + Not + Verb - ing + O
(?) To Be + S + Verb - ing + O ?
Function of Present Continuous Tense
1. To indicate an action that is being done at this
time / now
2. To show a work that will be done in the near
future (plan)
3. To indicate an action that occurs repeatedly
Example : (+) He is writing a letter now
(-) He is not writing a letter now
(?) Is he writing a letter now?
3. Present Perfect Tense
The Present
Perfect is used to express actions that happened at an indefinite time or that
began in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used when an
activity has an effect on the present moment.
Formula
: (+) S + Have/Has + Verb3
(-) S + Have/Has + Not + Verb3
(?) Have/Has + S + Verb3 ?
Function of Present Perfect Tense
1. To show the
work recently completed / have been completed at the present time. Because just
finished, then the effect of the work can still be felt today
2. To describe a
work that has been done repeatedly
Example : (+) I have met my perfect partner yet.
(-) I haven't met my
perfect partner yet
(?) Have I met my perfect partner
yet?
4. Present
Perfect Continuous
The present
perfect continuous talks about an action that started in the past and
continues in the present. Adverb of time : “since” and “for” (since 1996, since Sunday, for a few
minutes, for two years).
Formula : (+) S + Have/Has
+ Been + Verb1-ing
(-) S +
Have/Has + Not + Been + Verb1-ing
(?) Have/Has + S + Been + Verb1-ing ?
Example : (+) She has
been working at that company for three years.
(-) She has not been working at that company for
three years.
(?) Has she been working at
that company for three years?
5. Simple Past Tense
We use the
Simple past to talk about actions that
happened at a specific time in the past. The actions can be short or long.
There can be a few actions happening one ofter another.
Formula
: (+) S + Verb2
(-) S + Did Not + Verb1
(?) Did + S + Verb1
|
Time Adverbials
yesterday
the other day
just now
the day before yesterday
|
Function of Simple Past Tense
1. Past actions
that are now finished
2. Situation in
the past
3. A series of
actions in the past
Example : (+) Cika cooked with her mom this morning
(-) Cika didn’t cook with her mom this morning
(?) Did Cika cook with her mom this morning?
6. Past Continuous Tense
This tense is
used to describe a job or activity that is going on in the past. Is said to be
continuous because the work is being done. And said past because it happened in
the past.
Formula
: (+) S + To Be (Was/Were) + Verb-ing + O
(-) S
+ Was/Were + Not + Verb-ing + O
(?) Was/Were
+ S + Verb-ing + O ?
Example : (+) I was playing badminton yesterday
(-) I was not playing badminton yesterday
(?) Was I playing badminton
yesterday ?
7. Past Perfect Tense
We use
the Past Perfect tense to emphasize that an action in the past
finished before another action in the past started. This tense is
also used in third conditional sentences, or to show dissatisfaction with the
past.
Formula
: (+) S + Had + Verb3
(-) S + Had Not + Verb3
(?) Had + S + Verb3
Function of Past Perfect Tense
1. Past actions that are now finished
The first use
of the Past Simple to express actions that happened at a specific time in the
past. The actions can be short or long.
2. Third conditional
Use the Past
Perfect with third conditional sentences.
3.
Dissatisfaction with the Past
We often use
the Past Perfect to show our dissatisfaction with the past. Such sentences
typically start with "I wish ..." or "If only ...".
Example : (+) Rino had visited her girlfriend in the
hospital
(-) Rino had not visited her girlfriend in the hospital
(?) Had Rino visited her girlfriend in the hospital?
8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous is formed with the past
perfect tense of the verb to be (had been) plus the present participle (verb
with ing). Past Perfect Continuous tense is used to show that something started
in the past and continued up until another time in the past.
Formula
: (+) S + Had + Been + Verb1-ing
(-) S + Had + not +
Been + Verb1-ing
(?) Had + S + Been + Verb1-ing
Function of Past Perfect Continuous Tense
1. For an action that
occurred over a period of time in the past
2. For an action which
started and finished in the past before another past action. Here, since or for is
usually used.
3. In reported
speech, the present perfect continuous tense becomes past perfect continuous
tense
Example : (+) My baby had been crying since I went to shop.
(-) My
baby had not been crying since I went to shop.
(?) Had
My baby been crying since I went to shop ?
